The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
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Uric acid is a nitrogen-containing end product of the metabolic processing of purines and physiological oxidation (chemical oxidation if bodily biochemical processes). Uric acid is produced principally in the Gastrointestinal tract during the digestion of many foods.
In birds uric acid is discharged as guano and in fish uric acid is converted into urea and then expelled in urine. In humans, a low level of uric acid is a normal component of blood and is excreted in the urine. An elevated level of uric acid is often associated with high blood pressure and/or elevated cholesterol levels.
Blood levels of uric acid are elevated in individuals suffering gout—a condition triggered by deposits of uric acid crystals in tissues surrounding joints. Gout is usually exacerbated (worsened) by diet's rich in protein--the nitrogen-rich precursor for uric acid.
Uric acid is a weak organic acid that has a low solubility in bodily fluids. Excessive levels of uric acid in the blood (uriaciduria) may lead to the formation of insoluble salts (urates) that are commonly referred to as stones if found in the urinary tract. Uric acid deposits in the kidney impair proper renal function and may eventually lead to kidney failure. Uric acid deposits may also form in tissues and joints.
The enzyme uricase catalyses the biochemical pathway that converts uric acid to allantonin. A hereditary disorder known as Lesch-Nyhan syndrome results in chronic elevation of uric acid levels.
Biomedical research has established that low levels of uric acid are also often found in individuals suffering multiple sclerosis where normal levels of uric acid may be required to inhibit or eliminate biochemical agents (e.g., peroxynitrite) that may be responsible for the production of brain lesions. It is interesting to note that conditions where uric acid is excessive (gout) and multiple sclerosis are seemingly exclusive of one another--individuals do not suffer both conditions. There is ongoing research indicating that uric acid may play a role in protecting neural tissue.