The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
All other sections in this Literature Study Guide are owned and copyrighted by BookRags, Inc.
Thorium is a member of the actinide family, a group of elements in Row 7 of the periodic table. It has an atomic number of 90, an atomic mass of 232.0381, and a chemical symbol of Th.
Thorium is a silvery white, soft, metal with physical properties similar to those of lead. It can be hammered, rolled, bent, cut, shaped, and welded rather easily. Its melting point is about 3,270°F (1,800°C), its boiling point is about 8,130°F (4,500°C), and its density is 11.7 grams per cubic centimeter.
All isotopes of thorium are radioactive. The most stable (thorium-232) has a half life of 1.405 x 1010 years. The element is relatively active, combining with oxygen to form thorium dioxide (ThO2) and reacting with most acids.
Thorium is a relatively abundant element with an abundance of about 15 parts per million in the Earth's crust. Its primary ores are thorite and monazite. The latter mineral is found somewhat commonly in beach sand, which may contain up to 10% of the element.
Thorium was "discovered" twice by the Swedish chemist Jöns Jakob Berzelius. His first announcement was made in 1815, a report he later retracted when he found the substance he had discovered was actually a compound, yttrium phosphate (YPO4). Ten years later, Berzelius once again announced the discovery of a new element, for which he suggested the name thorium. This time he was correct. The name he suggested was in honor of the Scandinavian god Thor.
Traditionally, thorium has had relatively few commercial uses. The one with which people are most likely to be familiar is in portable gas lanterns where it is used to make the mantle. Since gas mantles made with thorium are radioactive, their use has been phased out. There is some hope that thorium may eventually be used to replace uranium in nuclear reactors and nuclear weapons. Thorium itself is not fissionable, but it can be converted to uranium-233, an isotope which does undergo fission. At this point, the technology for converting thorium to uranium-233 has not been developed on a commercial scale.