The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
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Synovial joints are lubricated by a synovial fluid and have a coating of cartilage to reduce the friction between the adjacent bones and to provide shock absorption. These joints hold the skeletal together while permitting a range of motions. As such, they are important for proper locomotion of the body.
The name synovial derives from synovium, meaning "like the white of a egg," referring to its visual appearance. A so-called synovial membrane, a very thin and delicate cell layer, lines the cavity containing the synovial fluid. Some of the cells in this membrane produce the synovial fluid.
Synovial joints vary in mobility (freedom of movement) and stability. Very mobile joints, such as the shoulder, are not stable and are easily dislocated. The elbow is not nearly as mobile, having a restricted range of movement, but it is much more stable and is seldom dislocated.
There are six ways that a synovial joint can move. The first, exemplified by the shoulder and the fit between the hipbone and the femur, is a ball-and-socket arrangement. Back-and-forth and rotational movements are possible with this type of joint.
A condyloid joint allows for a pivoting motion. The joint accommodates convex and concave shapes of adjacent bones, allows them to fit together and to pivot against each other. Examples are the fingers and the jaw.
Synovial joints can glide over each other and rotate against each other in one plane. This can be best visualized as two blocks moving against each other in a back-and-forth or a twisting fashion. An example of this joint is in the carpus region of the lower hand.
A hinge joint offers movement in one plane, with no twisting, sliding or side-to-side motion. The elbow and the knee contain hinged synovial joints.
A pivot joint allows one bone is able to spin around on the spindle of another bone. The elbow is also a pivot joint. Another example is the first two vertebrae in the spinal column, whose back-and-forth capability allows for the "no" movement of the head.
The final type of synovial joint is called the saddle joint. This is similar to a condyloid joint, except that the fit between adjacent bones is not concave-to-convex. In a saddle joint the shapes can be distinctive, but they are still complimentary. The name derives from the saddle shape of the fit between the trapezium and first metacarpal bones of the hand.