The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
All other sections in this Literature Study Guide are owned and copyrighted by BookRags, Inc.
The transition of molecules from the solid phase into the vapor (or gas) phase is called sublimation.
At temperatures below the freezing point of a substance, the transition between solid and liquid phases (melting) does not generally occur. However, the direct transition from the solid to vapor phase does take place. For instance, wet clothes will freeze solid at temperatures below 32°F, but the clothes will become dry by sublimation without the ice melting. Another well known example is the evaporation of dry ice (solid carbon dioxide).
Sublimation can be understood on the basis of molecular behavior. In the solid phase, the molecules do not possess translational energy, e.g., they do not move around. The attractive forces between molecules have succeeded in causing the molecules to arrange themselves into fixed, ordered patterns relative to each other. They do, however, possess vibrational energy, with the molecules vibrating about their fixed centers of gravity. From time to time, individual molecules at the surface of the solid become energetic enough in their vibration to break the attractive hold their neighbors have on them and escape into the gas phase. Thus, sublimation occurs. A solid confined in a container will reach a characteristic equilibrium vapor pressure at a given temperature. Since the vibrational energy which the molecules of the solid phase possess depends on the temperature, they have more energy at higher temperatures and thus may escape more readily. The equilibrium vapor pressure will thus increase as the temperature increases.
Virtually all solids sublime to some extent. The aroma of solids (e.g., soap, chocolate) results from the interaction of our nasal sensors with molecules of the substance that have escaped into the vapor phase. Substances with very low vapor pressures, such as metals, generally do not have detectable aromas.