The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
All other sections in this Literature Study Guide are owned and copyrighted by BookRags, Inc.
Roentgen equivalent man (rem) is a unit of radiation dose equivalent that describes not only the amount of radiation that a human is exposed to, but also the biological damage that can result from exposure to the various types of radiation. The actual numerical value is computed by multiplying the exposure in rads (i.e., absorption of 1 x 10-2 Joules of energy per kilogram of matter) by a normalizing factor that takes into account the fact that alpha rays cause more damage to human tissue than either x-ray or gamma radiation. The normalizing factor for x-ray and gamma radiation is unity. The dosage equivalent in rems for x-ray and gamma radiation is simply the dosage in rads. The normalizing factor for exposure to alpha particles is 20, for thermal neutrons is two, for fast neutrons is 10, for protons is 10, and for beta particles is one.
The National Council on Radiation Protection (NCRP) and Measurements recommends that the annual dosage for nonoccupational exposure not exceed 0.17 rem above the background radiation. For occupational exposure, the current federal safety standard is set at 5 rems per person per year. The average American is exposed to approximately 0.1-0.2 rem per year from natural sources such as cosmic rays, radon in the air and transuranic elements in various building materials, and from medically-related procedures such as diagnostic chest and dental x rays. Research and medical personnel who are exposed to radiation on a daily basis are required to wear a radiation badge, which contains unexposed pieces of photographic film. The darkening of the film is used as an index to measure the total amount of radiation that a person was exposed to during the time period that the badge was worn. Exposure to large radiation dosages can be lethal, or can lead to cancer and birth defects.