The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
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The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
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Referred pain is the perception of pain in a region of the body that is not the actual source of that pain. One of the most common examples of this would be the radiating pain down the left arm experienced during a heart attack. What is the anatomical basis for this phenomenon? One explanation may lie in the number of pain receptors found on the skins surface and those of the internal organs, and the mechanism and hierarchy for how the brain is able to process the signals from these receptors. The number of cutaneous receptors is much greater then those of internal structures.
Pain sensation is caused by rapidly conducted action potentials (the electrochemical propagation of a nerve signal) from large-diameter myelinated axons, and more slowly propagated action potentials carried on smaller less myelinated axons. The former results in a sharper, more localized pain where as the latter causes a diffuse, or burning pain. Pain on the skin surface is highly localized due to the number of pain receptors and the presence of mechanoreceptors. Deep or visceral pain is much more diffuse. Referred pain may simply result from convergence of the two types of pain action potentials on the same afferent neurons. It is likely that the brain cannot distinguish the source of these two stimuli so the more rapidly propagated signal is given a preferential priority.
Other examples of referred pain often include the gall bladder referring pain to the top of the right shoulder, a diaphragm problem felt in the neck, and intestinal dysfunction felt in the middle or the low back. Referred pain can be a valuable diagnostic tool. Often the clinician is able to diagnose a condition or disease based on the typical location where the pain is referred.