The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
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The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
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1778-1862
French physician who performed the first successful tracheotomy, a surgical procedure involving the creation of an incision in the windpipe to make an artificial breathing tube. He also recognized and named the disease diphtheria. Bretonneau received a medical degree in Paris in 1815 and became head of the hospital at Tours in 1816. He determined that specific organisms caused specific diseases, foreshadowing the germ theory of Louis Pasteur (1822-1895), and recognized that typhoid fever and typhus were separate diseases. Bretonneau was also convinced that diphtheria was contagious and tried in vain to infect animals, a feat later accomplished by other scientists.