The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
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The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
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Phyllosilicates are a group of minerals that are fundamentally composed of extended flat sheets of linked silicon-oxygen tetrahedra. Included in the phyllosilicate family are micas and clays. The name is derived from the Greek word phyllos, meaning leaf. As the name implies, phyllosilicates often display a platy or flaky crystal habit or perfect planar cleavage.
The phyllosilicate structure consists of sheets of hydrated SiO4 rings (they are hydrated because there is one hydroxyl ion [OH−] in the middle of each ring) and an octahedral sheet consisting of AlO or MgO. The simplest phyllosilicate is a sole octahedral layer: brucite in the case of MgO, gibbsite if the octahedral layer is AlO. However, most phyllosilicates are composed of interlocking tetrahedral and octahedral layers combined in the ratio of 1:1 or 2:1. One tetrahedral layer linked to one octahedral layer yields the 1:1 structure. This forms kaolinite when an AlO octahedral layer is used, antigorite if the octahedral layer consists of MgO. Other clay minerals such as talc and pyrophyllite are composed of a 2:1 structure: two tetrahedral layers sandwiching one octahedral layer. In both structures, 1:1 and 2:1, a weak residual interlayer charge exists. This interlayer charge is the source of the van der Waals forces that hold each interlocked layer to one another. These weak interlayer bonds are easily broken and allow the sheets to slip, resulting in the low hardness and greasy feel that is typical of clays.
Other phyllosilicate minerals are derived from further complications of the interlocking sheet system. For example, the micas are formed when atoms of aluminum substitute for silicon in the tetrahedral layer. Because these two elements carry different charges, the net charge of the 2:1 layers is increased. The result is an interlayer bond that is stronger than a van der Waals forces and produces the perfect planar cleavage and slightly higher hardness of micas.