The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
All other sections in this Literature Study Guide are owned and copyrighted by BookRags, Inc.
Para-aminobenzoic acid, or PABA, is most frequently encountered as an ingredient in sunscreen. Alternate names for this chemical are p-aminobenzoic acid and 4-aminobenzoic acid. Its chemical structure features a benzene ring. The benzene molecule is a six-carbon ring with alternating single and double bonds between the carbon atoms. These double bonds allow PABA to absorb the ultraviolet radiation carried in sunlight.
Ultraviolet radiation cannot be seen, but it is responsible for much of the damage that sunlight inflicts on people's skin. Short-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation leads to skin tanning--or burning--if a person is fair-skinned or stays in the sun too long. Long-term exposure, however, can damage the skin. The chances of premature skin aging increase due to the total amount of sun exposure during a person's life.
A more serious problem associated with long-term sun exposure is skin cancer. Ultraviolet radiation triggers genetic changes in skin cells. These changes are usually--but not Always--repaired by gene-repair mechanisms. As a result of unrepaired damage, several types of skin cancer are possible, some of which can be disfiguring or even life-threatening. When PABA is used on the skin's surface, ultraviolet rays are absorbed before they enter the skin. This absorption prevents most sun-linked damage and lessens the risk of sunburn.
Some sunscreens use chemicals that are closely related to PABA. These closely related chemicals, or derivatives, include glyceryl-p-aminobenzoate, menthyl anthranilate, padimate A, and padimate O. PABA and its derivatives may be absorbed into the top layers of the skin, but there is no evidence that they can reach the deeper layers. They are considered safe when used as directed, but certain individuals experience skin irritation when using PABA-containing sunscreens.