The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
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A nongovernmental organization (NGO) is any group outside of government whose purpose is the protection of the environment. The term encompasses a broad range of indigenous groups, private charities, advisory committees, and professional organizations; it includes mainstream environmental groups such as the Sierra Club and Defenders of Wildlife, and more radical groups such as Greenpeace and Earth First!
In the United States, NGOs have played a pivotal role in the creation of environmental policy, directing lobbying efforts and mobilizing the kind of popular support which have made such changes possible. They have been involved in the protection of many endangered species and threatened habitats, including the northern spotted owl and the old-growth forests in the Pacific Northwest. Organizations such as Earthwatch, Earth Island Institute, and Sea Shepherd Conservation Society raised international awareness about the environmental dangers of using drift nets in the commercial fishing industry. Their campaign included drift-net monitoring, public education, and direct action, and their efforts led to an international ban on this method. NGOs are extensively involved in the current debate about the future of environmental protection and issues such as sustainable development and zero population growth.
The number of NGOs worldwide is estimated at over 12,000. They have grown rapidly in number and influence during the last 20 years. In 1972, NGOs had little representation at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, which was called by industrialized nations primarily to discuss air pollution. But these groups had become a much more significant international presence by 1992, and over 9,000 NGOs sent delegates to the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The political pressure NGOs were able to bring to bear had an important, if indirect, effect on the long and complicated preparations for the summit. During the summit itself, NGOs organized a "shadow assembly" or Global Forum in a park near Guanabara Bay, where they monitored official negotiations and held conferences of their own.
Animal Rights; Bioregionalism; Environmental Education; Environmental Ethics; Environmental Monitoring; Environmentalism; Green Politics; Greens; United Nations Earth Summit