The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
All other sections in this Literature Study Guide are owned and copyrighted by BookRags, Inc.
Molecular biologists use a specialized technique termed nick translation to label double stranded DNA molecules. The technique prepares the DNA molecules for further blotting analysis studies (e.g., Southern and Northern blotting analysis).
The nick translation reaction is mediated by two critical enzymes that work, one after another, along the DNA molecule. In the first of the two reactions, one strand of DNA is nicked or cut by a Dnase (deoxyribonuclease I). The second enzyme critical to the reaction, E. coli polymerase I, aids in the addition of deoxynucleotides to the DNA molecule at the 3' (three prime) end of the nick or cut generated during the first part of the nick reaction. At the same time that the deoxyribonucleotides are added to the DNA strand at the 3' end of the nick, an exonuclease cuts deoxyribonucleotides from the 5' end of the nick.
The net effect of this cutting and removal of deoxyribonucleotides is a generalized rolling movement of the nick along the DNA strand in the direction of the 5' end of the nick from the 3' end of the nick. When scientists add labeled deoxynucleotide triphosphates to the medium, these easily identifiable molecules become incorporated into the molecules (nucleotide) residues being added to the original DNA molecule.
Following the labeling of the DNA molecule with radionucleotides (e.g., 32P deoxynucleoside triphosphates) the molecules are then ready for blotting analysis during which scientists transfer use the techniques of electrophoresis to separate component molecules. Once the molecules are separated they may be probed for specific proteins, nucleic acids, or particular sequences of amino acids or nucleotides.