The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
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The rapid development genetic technology during the second half of the twentieth century was made possible by meticulous scientific studies on nonhuman organisms and populations. Ethical and practical considerations often prevent the use of human subjects in most basic science research. Accordingly, many of the technologies that have recently allowed the sequencing of the human genome and the mapping of genes owe a great debt to work done with species as phylogenically different as Drosophilae melanogaster (a fruit fly), Escherichia coli (a bacteria), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (a yeast), and Mus musculus (the common laboratory mouse). Each of these species present unique advantages in genetic studies (e.g., rapid generational turnover, etc) and each of these model organisms present workable genomes that are much more easily studied than the human genome. Studies involving such organisms fall under the broad classification of model organism research.
Model organism research is an integral part of modern molecular biology and allows researchers to more easily gather and evaluate data relating to a variety of genetic processes ranging from basic genetic structures and reactions involving DNA to the mechanisms of genetic regulation.
There exists a much greater variety in gene expression (phenotype) between species that there is difference in the fundamental workings of their genetic mechanisms, especially as related to the fundamental mechanisms of replication, transcription, and translation. Because to this proximity, at the genetic level is often easier to extrapolate and apply findings based upon model organism research to human genetics.
The biological similarities between mice and men make laboratory mouse genetics especially significant and applicable to human genetics research. Mice and men share many similar sequences of DNA, and many genes have been conserved (remained the same) throughout evolutionary history. Such evolutionary studies are made easier by the ongoing construction of physical maps for both species that will more clearly delineate the similarities and differences between them. Comparisons of the similarities and differences between the genomes will allow more exacting use of mouse data in the search for understanding of human diseases and of the mechanisms of pharmacogenetics.