The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
All other sections in this Literature Study Guide are owned and copyrighted by BookRags, Inc.
The classification or taxonomy hierarchy can be credited to Carolus Linnaeus, a Swedish botanist who lived during the eighteenth century. This classification hierarchy starts at its broadest level with kingdom, which are made up of phyla, which in turn are made up of classes, which are equally made up of orders, and so on down to species. At the time of Aristotle in the fourth century B.C., two kingdoms of living forms were recognized-the Plantae and Animalia. Today, with more sophisticated techniques, most scientists recognize the five kingdom approach first proposed by R. H. Whittaker in 1969. The Kingdom Monera includes the prokaryotic ("before seed or kernels," meaning before the nucleus) bacteria and blue-green bacteria (formerly known as blue-green algae). This group is differentiated by the lack of membrane-bound nuclei. Prokaryotes also lack other cell organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, and other specialized structures. Bacteria function primarily as decomposers, and some groups are able to chemosynthesize. Blue-green bacteria are common photosynthetic organisms in aquatic ecosystems, and can form dense mats on lakes during the summer. All other organisms are quite different from prokaryotes because they have the structures mentioned above, and are thus called eukaryotic ("true kernels", or true nucleus). The Kingdom Fungi consists of molds, yeasts, and mushrooms. These organisms function primarily as decomposers and obtain their food by secreting enzymes that break down organic matter in the tissues of living or dead organisms and absorbing the released nutrients. Organisms in the Kingdom Protista include unicellular protozoans and unicellular algae. This kingdom is alternately known as the Protoctista Kingdom. Members of the Kingdom Plantae include mosses, liverworts, ferns, macro-algae (green, brown, and red algae), and seed-bearing plants (conifers and flowering plants). Lastly, members of the Kingdom Animalia include the invertebrates (e.g., sponges, flatworms, nematodes, arthropods, etc.) and the vertebrates, which are included in the Phylum Chordata.