The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
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The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
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1894-1952
Dutch theoretical physicist known for his important contributions to quantum mechanics. He demonstrated that quantization of classical orbits in helium atoms produces instabilities, indicating inadequacies in provisional quantum theory (1923). Kramers also developed a quantum theory of dispersion allowing him to quantitatively explain the effect later experimentally found by Raman. He later established the Kramers-Kronig relations connecting the real and imaginary components of polarizability and contributed to the W(entzel)-K(ramers)-B(rillouin) method (1926) for obtaining approximate Schrödinger equation solutions.