The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
All other sections in this Literature Study Guide are owned and copyrighted by BookRags, Inc.
Glycoproteins are proteins to which one or more carbohydrate chains are attached. Glycoproteins are most commonly found embedded in the plasma membranes of cells, with the carbohydrate exposed to the cell interior. Glycoproteins are thought to function in cell-cell recognition.
The carbohydrate portion of a glycoprotein is commonly a branched chain of fifteen or fewer monosaccharides. Glucose, galactose, fructose, and other common monosaccharides may be combined in the chain, often with linkages not normally found in non-protein linked carbohydrates. A single glycoprotein may have multiple carbohydrate chains. Carbohydrate chains are added after protein synthesis, by special enzymes in the endoplasmic reticulum.
The exact function of most glycoproteins is not known, although many are thought to aid in the interactions between cells. One of the most important groups of glycoproteins are those of the major histocompatibility complex, or MHC. MHC glycoproteins display antigens, molecular fragments formed within the cell. The antigen-MHC complex is detected by cells of the immune system to determine whether the cell is infected. Other glycoproteins are thought to act during development to aid cells as they migrate to their proper location in the body. Viruses employ glycoproteins as well, where they may function to promote entry into the host cell. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virus, responsible for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS), uses a surface glycoprotein known as gp120 to attach itself to its cell surface receptor, called CD4. Once this occurs, the virus can enter the cell. Because of its critical role in infection, gp120 is a target for development of an HIV vaccine.