The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
All other sections in this Literature Study Guide are owned and copyrighted by BookRags, Inc.
Genetic toxicology is the study of chemicals and other environmental agents to evaluate their potential to interact with or cause damage to genetic cellular processes. Two aspects of genetic damage that are frequently studied are the potential to induce cancer (carcinogenicity) and the ability to cause gene mutations (mutagenicity). Less commonly, studies are directed toward the potential to cause chromosome breaks (clastogenicity), to disrupt normal segregation of chromosome pairs or chromatids, to inhibit normal spindle formation, or benign attributes of genetic processes such as sister chromatid exchange, which correlate with genetic damage even though they themselves are not harmful to the cell.
The remarkable similarity of the cellular mechanisms used to replicate the DNA across a wide variety of organisms allows the use of animal, plant, and bacterial cells in genetic toxicology studies which are primarily designed to screen for agents which might cause genetic damage in humans.
Short-term tests are simple and inexpensive laboratory tests, which are designed to detect some single aspect of genetic alteration or damage. These include assays such as the Ames test, which employs bacterial cells to screen for gene mutations, the micronucleus test that evaluates chromosomal loss in mammalian cells, and the unscheduled DNA synthesis test, which detects increased levels of DNA repair. While many of these tests utilize animal or bacterial cells for study, there are a variety of human toxicology tests that use human cell cultures. Such testing is called in vitro testing. There are dozens of different short term tests which each look at slightly different biological endpoints to determine the genotoxic potential of different agents. Short term tests allow for rapid screening of large numbers of chemicals or other agents with relatively low cost.
Chronic testing in intact animals, usually mice or rats, allows for a thorough study of gentoxicity across the lifespan of the organism. The endpoint in these studies is usually cancer. While these long term studies are far more expensive, they take all of the biological complexity into account and reflect more fully the overall impact of each agent being tested.