The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
All other sections in this Literature Study Guide are owned and copyrighted by BookRags, Inc.
A genetic marker is a particular gene or DNA base sequence associated with a identifiable chromosome. Increasingly, specific genetic markers are being associated with particular genes or traits. Genetic markers can be used to determine the risk of developing a disease attributed to a gene or genes associated with the marker.
A genetic marker can also be used as a probe to mark a nucleus, chromosome or locus.
Genetic markers are a basic and powerful tool of modern genetics. Because of speed and cost effectiveness, genetic markers continue to be used as an efficient method of screening organisms and producing initial maps of the genetic material of organisms, even when many more precise molecular tools are available.
Genetic markers have three essential properties. Genetic markers are easily identifiable (i.e., easily genotyped), associated with a specific locus, and polymorphic. The usefulness of a genetic marker is often related to its heterozygosity.
For example, genetic markers associated with patients who also have known risk factors for heart attacks have been identified. In 2000 scientists discovered effect of certain genes (IL-1 genes) in altering the risk of heart disease and asthma. IL-1 proteins are important in controlling the body's inflammatory response and inflammation is often associated with the disease pattern that leads to heart attacks. By identifying specific IL-1 genes the genetic risk of heart disease may be predicted for patients. This is especially important in patients who do not have other risk factors such as smoking, obesity, or elevated cholesterol levels.
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) DNA typing tests can also be used to identify restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) that can be used as genetic markers on both genetic linkage maps and physical linkage maps. In addition to establishing a correlation between certain genes and diseases, these markers have wide use in forensics, paternity and maternity cases, and in the development of agricultural products with desired characteristics.
Genetic markers can include the production of various easily screened chemicals, or more obvious observable effects such as colors or different structures. Genetic markers can also be used as an identifier for genetic engineering. After the marker is linked to a gene, its subsequent presence in cells indicates a successful genetic transformation. Markers of this nature can include antibiotic resistance, fluorescent genes, or other characteristics that the non-transformed organism is lacking.