The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
All other sections in this Literature Study Guide are owned and copyrighted by BookRags, Inc.
The use of fluorescent dyes is the most popular tool for measuring ion properties in living cells. Calcium, magnesium, sodium, and similar species which do not naturally fluoresce can be measured indirectly by complexing them with fluorescent molecules. The use of probes, which fluoresce at one wavelength when unbound, and at a different wavelength when bound to an ion, allows the quantification of the ion level.
Fluorescence has also become popular as an alternative to radiolabelling of peptides. Whereas labeling of peptides with a radioactive compound relies on the introduction f a radiolabelled amino acid as part of the natural structure of the peptide, fluorescent tags are introduced as an additional group to the molecule.
The use of fluorescent dyes allows the detection of minute amounts of the target molecule within a mixture of many other molecules. In combination with light microscopic techniques like confocal laser microscopy, the use of fluorescent dyes allows three-dimensional image constructs to be complied, to provide precise spatial information on the target location. Finally, fluorescence can be used to gain information of phenomena such as blood flow and organelle movement in real time.
The basis of fluorescent dyes relies on the absorption of light at a specific wavelength and, in turn, the excitation of the electrons in the dye to higher energy levels. As the electrons fall back to their lower pre-excited energy levels, they re-emit light at longer wavelengths and so at lower energy levels. The lower energy light emissions are called spectral shifts. The process can be repeated.
Proper use of a fluorescent dye requires demonstration that its use does not alter the shape of function of the target cell, that the dye localizes at the desired location within or on the cell, that the dye maintains its specificity in the presence of competing molecules, and that they operate at near visible wavelengths. Although none of the dyes in use today meet all the criteria, they are still useful for staining and observation to a considerable degree.