The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
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The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
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The ability to visually differentiate between a sensory stimulation and its background.
A person's ability to separate an object from its surrounding field is referred to as figure-ground perception. Visual figure-ground perception is the ability to distinguish an object from the background field. Auditory figure-ground perception is the ability to hear the voice of one speaker over the background noise (conversations, music, air conditioning) of the environment. The object that a person focuses on is called the figure; everything else is referred to as background, or simply ground.
Children who are easily distracted are often unable to focus on one object while ignoring or blocking out the background. Children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder or attention span difficulties often benefit from a learning environment that minimizes background distractions. While a classroom with lots of visual and auditory stimulus may be exciting to some students, the easily distracted child finds it overwhelming. He or she is unable to focus on any one aspect of the environment, and spends all his or her time processing the stimuli. This student is unable to distinguish the important stimuli for learning from all other sensory inputs.
To study figure-ground discrimination ability, psychologists have created different kinds of assessment stimuli. Some stimuli involve simple ambiguous figures, like the famous face-vase figure that can be interpreted as two faces looking at one another or as one goblet, depending on what aspect a person focuses on. Complex stimuli, such as the so-called "Magic Eye" pictures that became popular in the 1990s, can also be used to demonstrate figure-ground relationships. These complex pictures require concentration and control to relax the muscles of the eyes to see a three-dimensional figure emerge from the background.
Psychologists have also demonstrated figure-ground principles with auditory stimuli, and have developed exercises for students to improve their ability to hear a speaker above background noise.
Bregman, Albert S. Auditory Scene Analysis: the Perceptual Organization of Sound. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1990.
Coren, S., and L.M. Ward. Sensation and Perception. 3rd ed. San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1989.
Dance, Sandy. Picture Interpretation: A Symbolic Approach. River Edge, NJ: World Scientific, 1995.
Graham, Norma Van Surdam. Visual Pattern Analyzers. New York: Oxford University Press, 1989.
Handel, Stephen. Listening: An Introduction to the Perception of Auditory Events. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1989.
Pavel, Monique. Fundamentals of Pattern Recognition. 2nd ed. New York: M. Dekker, 1993.