The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
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Einsteinium is an actinide series, manmade, transuranic element denoted by the atomic symbol Es. Its atomic number is 99 and the average atomic weight of its most stable isotope is 252. It is a radioactive material which has fourteen known isotopes.
The discovery of einsteinium was shrouded in mystery. When the first scientific papers describing its properties appeared in 1954, it was indicated that additional information was available about the element, but that this information could not be released. Eventually, the reason for this secrecy was explained. The element had been discovered among the products of the first fusion bomb experiment conducted at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific Ocean in November 1952. Confirmation of the element's existence was later obtained by experiments at the Oak Ridge National Laboratories. Upon irradiation with neutrons, plutonium-239 was converted to plutonium-241 which then decayed in a series of reactions to produce an isotope of element 99, with an atomic weight of 252.
Albert Ghiorso and his co-workers at the University of California at Berkeley chose to name the element einsteinium, after Albert Einstein. Although microgram quantities of the element have been prepared, no uses for it have yet been suggested.