The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
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Dysprosium is one of 15 rare earth elements, a family also known as the lanthanides. The lanthanides make up the elements between barium and hafnium in Row 6 of the periodic table. Dysprosium's atomic number is 66, its atomic mass is 162.50, and its chemical symbol is Dy.
Dysprosium is a soft metal with a shiny silver luster. It is so soft that it can easily be cut with a knife. The element has a melting point of 2,565°F (1,407°C), a boiling point of about 4,200°F (about 2,300°C), and a density of 8.54 grams per cubic centimeter. Dysprosium is relatively unreactive at room temperatures, but does react with both dilute and concentrated acids.
The term rare earth elements is a misnomer, since the elements that belong to this family are not particularly rare. The name was originally used for these elements because they were so difficult to separate from each other. Dysprosium, as an example, is actually more common in the Earth's crust than some better known elements, such as bromine, tin, and arsenic. It has an abundance of about 8.5 parts per million. It is extracted from ores by being converted first to dysprosium trifluoride (DyF3) and then reacted with calcium metal: 2DyF3 + 3Ca 3CaF2 + 2Dy.
Dysprosium was proved to be an element in 1886 by the French chemist Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran. The research that led to Boisbaudran's discovery involves a long and complex story of efforts to analyze a rock known as ytterite first discovered in 1787 by a Swedish army office, Carl Axel Arrhenius (1757-1824). Ytterite was eventually to yield eight other new elements in addition to dysprosium. The element's name is taken from the Greek word dysprositos, meaning "difficult to obtain."
Dysprosium has a relatively limited number of uses, most of them involving specialized alloys. For example, some dysprosium alloys have very good magnetic properties that make them suitable for use in CD players. Dysprosium alloys are also used in control rods used to moderate the flow of neutrons through a nuclear reactor.