The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
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Duplication mutations result in the selective increase of genes within a localized region of a chromosome.
At the chromosomal level, duplication mutations are one of four structural alterations that occur during the duplication (replication) of chromosomes. Duplication mutations originate with a rupture or breakage of chromosomal continuity during the replication process. In a duplication, the segment may graft (insert) next to the original site or be grafted (inserted) at a distant site. Because duplications result in chromosomal alterations duplications can cause important and profound phenotypic changes.
Duplication mutations may be tandem or non-tandem, depending upon where the duplicated region lies relative to the position of the original copy of the duplicated region. When the duplicated region lies next to the original region the mutation is a tandem mutation. The order of the signets does not matter.
When the duplicated region is inserted at a site on the chromosome that is distant from the loci (location) of origin--or when the insertion site is on another chromosome--the mutation is a non-tandem duplication.
A number of factors are associated with and contribute to duplication mutations. Any chromosomal break, replication error, or abnormal crossing over during meiotic synapses may lead to duplication. When expressed, duplication mutations can lead to extreme phenotypes or otherwise alter dominance relations or genotype/phenotype relationships.