The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
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The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
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Carbanions are carbon anions, having the general formula R3C-. This negatively charged ion is highly reactive. Carbanions can be produced by the cleavage of certain single bonds such as those found between carbon and hydrogen, carbon and halogens, carbon and metals, and carbon and carbon. It is quite difficult to recognize the presence of these carbanions directly, they have to be inferred from their actions.
With rare exception carbanions are not isolated, but are intermediate in reactions. These reactions are both numerous and important. They include the biological biosynthesis of fatty acids, where the important event in the elongation of the acetate starting material is cyclation of the acetate carbanion.
Carbanions are commonly prepared by either deprotonation (cleavage of a carbon- hydrogen bond, invariably adjacent to a functional group that is capable of resonance or inductive stabilization of the negative charge on the carbon) or metalation of a carbon-halogen bond. In the process of metalation a metal (usually an alkali metal such as Li, Na, or K) inserts into the carbon-halogen bond (for example: 2Li + R3C-Br R3C-Li+ + LiBr).
Two important (and uncommon) examples of stable carbanions are the cyanide anion (NC-) and the metalocenes. The metalocenes, an extremely important class of catalysts for modern polymer synthesis, are made from the reaction of two cyclopentadienylide anions (obtained by deprotonation of cyclopentadiene by an organometallic reagent, such as a Grignard reagent) with a metal. The result is the metalocene salt, where the cationic metal is located between the two cyclopentadienylide rings in what is commonly called a "sandwich" arrangement.
Carbanions are negatively charged carbon atoms of extraordinary importance to the synthesis of both biologically and man-made chemicals.