The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
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The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
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A canyon is a narrow, steep-walled, and deep valley with or without a perennial stream at the bottom. It is larger than, but otherwise similar to, a gorge. Canyon walls are commonly composed of bedrock with little or no regolith and those with nearly vertical walls, particularly in the southwestern United States, are often referred to as slot canyons.
Canyons are characteristic of high plateaus and mountainous regions that have experienced rapid tectonic uplift, for example the Colorado Plateau physiographic province of the southwestern United States. As a region is raised due to tectonic activity, streams will adjust themselves to the change by cutting deeper valleys. Rising or falling sea levels, particularly during glacial periods, can also affect stream incision rates and valley shapes although generally not to the same degree as tectonic activity.
Canyon formation is common in arid and semi-arid climates because bedrock weathers slowly in the absence of water. Therefore, canyon-forming streams are able to cut vertically much more rapidly than their valleys can be widened by mass wasting or other erosional processes. A canyon eroded into relatively uniform bedrock, for example the Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone River or the Black Canyon of the Gunnison River, will have a generally uniform valley wall profile with no abrupt changes in slope. Canyons eroded into layered rocks with differing degrees of resistance to erosion, however, will have irregular or stair-stepped valley wall profiles. This is the case in the Grand Canyon in Arizona, where hard sandstone and limestone layers, as well as the metamorphic rocks of the inner gorge, form steep cliffs whereas softer shale layers form gentle slopes or benches.
Rivers running through canyons are unable to develop broad floodplains because they are not free to migrate laterally and deposit alluvium. Stream terraces, where they do occur, are likely to be highly localized and discontinuous. Most of the sediment delivered to canyon bottoms arrives by mass wasting processes such as rockfall or by debris flows when rockfall debris along side channels is mobilized during rainstorms. Rockfall accumulations and alluvial fans formed when debris flows enter the main canyon can in turn restrict stream flow and create the alternating pools and rapids characteristic of many canyons.
Alluvial System; Bedrock; Channel Patterns; Drainage Basins and Drainage Patterns; Landscape Evolution; Rapids and Waterfalls; Rivers; Stream Valleys, Channels, and Floodplains