The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
All other sections in this Literature Study Guide are owned and copyrighted by BookRags, Inc.
An indication of a newborn infant's overall medical condition.
The Apgar score is based on a series of assessments devised by pediatrician Virginia Apgar (1909-1974) in 1953, and is standard procedure in many delivery rooms. The primary purpose of the Apgar test is to determine as soon after birth as possible whether an infant requires medical intervention and possibly transfer to a neonatal intensive care unit. The test, which is administered one minute after birth and again four minutes later, evaluates the newborn's heart rate, breathing, muscle tone, color, and reflexes. Each category is given a score between 0 and 2, with the highest possible test score totaling 10. The infant's heart rate is assessed as either under or over 100 beats per minute. Respiration is evaluated according to regularity and strength of the newborn's cry. Muscle tone categories range from limp to active movement. Color—an indicator of blood supply—is determined byhow pink the infant is (completely blue or pale; pink body with blue extremities; or completely pink). Reflexes are measured by the baby's response to being poked and range from no response to vigorous cry, cough, or sneeze. An infant with an Apgar score of 8 to 10 is considered
| Rating factor | Zero | 1 point | 2 points |
| Color | Blue or pale | Trunk pink, extremities blue | All pink |
| Heart rate | none | Under 100 beats per minute | Over 100 beats per minute |
| Muscle tone | Limp | Some movement of limbs | Active movement of limbs |
| Reflex irritability | No response | Grimace when "poked" in the nose | Cry, cough, or sneeze when "poked" in the nose |
| Respiratory effort | None | Irregular, with weak cry | Regular, with strong cry |
Apgar, V., and J. Beck. Is My Baby Alright? New York: Trident Press, 1972.
McCullough, Virginia. Testing and Your Child: What You Should Know About 150 of the Most Common Medical, Educational, and Psychological Tests. New York: Plume, 1992.
Uzgiris, Ina C, and J. McVicker Hunt. eds., Infant Performance and Experience: New Findings with the Ordinal Scales. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 1987.