The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
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Anticancer drugs are medicines used to treat various kinds of cancer. The tools of molecular genetics are increasingly used to specifically design anticancer drugs that target specific cancers.
Cancer is the growth of tumor cells that interfere with the growth of healthy cells. The approach to treating cancer depends on where in the body it occurs, the type of cells making up the cancer, and how advanced the cancer is. The usual treatments are surgery, chemotherapy (treatment with anticancer drugs), radiation, or some combination of these methods.
Normally, cells in the body divide in an orderly, regulated, manner. This is how the body grows, repairs wounds, and replaces worn-out tissues. But certain cells may sometimes begin to divide uncontrollably, forming masses called tumors. Some tumors are harmless (benign). However, cancerous (malignant) tumors spread into nearby tissues and invade other parts of the body and can threaten life. Most anticancer drugs interfere with the growth of tumor cells, eventually causing their death. But because these drugs are so powerful, they may also affect the growth of normal body cells, causing side effects.
Patients who identical clinical symptoms and the same diagnosis sometimes respond differently to the administration of anticancer drugs. This scenario is a classic presentation of a pharmacogenetic anomaly. Unlike other inborn errors of metabolism which commonly manifest at birth or shortly thereafter, an individual with a pharmacogenetic defect does not know that a mutation exists until he/she is given a drug or similar substance that results in a negative physical response. One goal of pharmacogenetics is to provide a better understanding of the underlying cause of such incidents so that the total number of episodes can be reduced. In the future, it will become increasingly necessary to know the patient's genotype (types or variations of individual genes carried by an individual) and metabolic phenotype with respect to the drug being given to determine the most appropriate regimen of therapy for that individual. In addition to providing patients specific anticancer drug therapies, pharmacogenetics will aid in the clinician's ability to predict adverse reactions before they occur and identify the potentials for complications. New tests will be developed to monitor the effects of drugs, and new medications will be found that will specifically target the particular genetic mechanisms that allow cancerous cell transformations.