The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
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Alkylation reactions are reactions where an alkyl group is introduced into a molecule. Many different types of alkylation reactions are known. For example, alkyl groups can be introduced into aliphatic hydrocarbons or aromatic hydrocarbons by alkylation reactions. Alkylation reactions can also be used to prepare ethers from alkyl alcohols or aromatic alcohols. Alkylated amines can be prepared by alkylation; however, special methods are normally required to control the number of alkyl groups introduced onto nitrogen. Important synthetic methodology also exists for the alkylation of enolate ions. Alkylation is often promoted through the use of heat or of an appropriate catalyst such as an acid catalyst.
One very important alkylation reaction is the Friedel Crafts Alkylation Reaction, used for the alkylation of aromatic species, which was discovered in 1877. Many alkyl halides, alcohols, or alkenes can be reacted with benzene in the presence of certain catalysts to give an alkyl benzene. Other aromatic hydrocarbons give similarly substituted alkyl aromatic products. A Lewis acid, such as aluminum chloride, is often the catalyst used for this reaction. This reaction is used industrially for the synthesis of hydrocarbons. If the reaction is carried out at high temperatures, rearrangement of the alkyl group may occur. For example reaction of n-propyl halides with benzene at low temperatures affords mainly n-propyl benzene but at higher temperatures the major product is isopropyl benzene (Figure 1) . In Friedel-Crafts reactions, alkyl chlorides are more reactive than alkyl bromides and alkyl iodides react only with difficulty.
Alkylation is used industrially to produce basic building blocks for the synthesis of more elaborate materials. One commonly used application is in the production of anti-knock gasoline.