The following sections of this BookRags Literature Study Guide is offprint from Gale's For Students Series: Presenting Analysis, Context, and Criticism on Commonly Studied Works: Introduction, Author Biography, Plot Summary, Characters, Themes, Style, Historical Context, Critical Overview, Criticism and Critical Essays, Media Adaptations, Topics for Further Study, Compare & Contrast, What Do I Read Next?, For Further Study, and Sources.
(c)1998-2002; (c)2002 by Gale. Gale is an imprint of The Gale Group, Inc., a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Gale and Design and Thomson Learning are trademarks used herein under license.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Encyclopedia of Popular Fiction: "Social Concerns", "Thematic Overview", "Techniques", "Literary Precedents", "Key Questions", "Related Titles", "Adaptations", "Related Web Sites". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
The following sections, if they exist, are offprint from Beacham's Guide to Literature for Young Adults: "About the Author", "Overview", "Setting", "Literary Qualities", "Social Sensitivity", "Topics for Discussion", "Ideas for Reports and Papers". (c)1994-2005, by Walton Beacham.
All other sections in this Literature Study Guide are owned and copyrighted by BookRags, Inc.
As early as 1894 attempts were made to enhance cinema with 3-D special effects. It was not until the early 1900s, however, after Edwin S. Porter (1870-1941) and W. E. Waddell developed the anaglyphic process that 3-D cinema became a reality. When twin images (one red, the other green) were superimposed and viewed with special red and green glasses, they appeared as one 3-D image.
In 1915 the first commercial 3-D film was shown publicly in New York and consisted of three black-and-white shorts. Movie makers have flirted with 3-D sporadically ever since.
After the development of the Polaroid system of filming by Edwin Land, the first color movie with sound to use 3-D was released in Germany in 1937. Fifteen years later producer Arch Oboler used the Polaroid system to shoot Bwana Devil, the first feature film to employ 3-D effects. Oboler employed two cameras whose reels had to be specially synchronized. To visualize the 3-D effect, spectators had to wear Polaroid glasses. Polaroid's improved process sparked a short-lived 3-D infatuation. Over one hundred films were produced in this way.
In 1966, Oboler shot The Bubble with the use of a special lens, the polarisator. The invention of the polarisator did away with the inconveniences of the double projection method, but the shakey camera movements and other problems with how the film looked remained.
In the 1980s, the Canadian Film Board and ISTEC, a private manufacturer, worked together to invent the 3-D Rig, a camera set-up which steadied the movements. By 1990, the IMAX Corporation (whose films are typically shot on special film larger and sharper than conventional 35mm filmstock and shown on huge screens) became interested in combining the IMAX and 3-D technologies. They invented a new camera that had two lenses and two film-movement mechanisms inside, where the film was synchronized. IMAX produced its first IMAX 3-D short feature film in 1994, Wings of Courage, and planned to do others (as well as a full-length feature film). Despite the innovations by IMAX, many viewers disliked wearing the special glasses needed, and 3-D films seem destined to remain a novelty.