The problems in the multiple kingdoms of Scotland and Ireland had a huge effect on Elizabeth's reign because they were so close to home. Wales was fortunately not a problem as it had been adopted into the English realm since 1485. The long histories of conflict shared with both Scotland and Ireland, however, were a great cause for concern when Elizabeth first took the throne. Peace with both countries was essential for the effective running of England as was seen near the end of Elizabeth’s reign when the Irish conflict was simply consuming more money then Elizabeth could afford to pay (over 90% of the years income in 1600). Elizabeth therefore did all she could to either assert authority or attempt diplomacy in both countries with varied success.

Ireland was a constant thorn...