Twig-budding brings the sap of the stock to bear upon a young lateral or tip bud, which is much easier to start than dormant buds used either as buds or grafts.  A short twig about an inch and a half in length is taken with some of the bark of the small branch from which it starts, and both twig and bark at its base are put in a bark slit like an ordinary shield bud and tied closely with a waxed band, although if the sap is moving freely it would probably do with a string or raffia tie.  Put in such buds as growth is starting in the spring.

Olives from Small Cuttings.

In the rooting of small soft-wood olive cuttings is it necessary to cover same with glass — say perhaps prepare a cold-frame and put stable manure in the bottom with about eight inches of sand on top?

It ceases to be a cold-frame when you cover in manure for bottom heat; it becomes a hotbed.  Varieties of olives differ greatly in the readiness with which they start from small cuttings.  Some start freely and grow well in boxes of sand under partial shade — like a lath house or cover.  Some need bottom heat in such a hotbed as you describe with a cloth over; some start well in a cold-frame with a lath cover.  To get the best results with all kinds, it is safer to use some more heat than comes from exposure to ordinary temperatures — either by concentration, as in a covered frame, or by a mild bottom heat.  If you have glass frames or greenhouse, they are, of course, desirable, but much can be done without that expense.

Olives from Large Cuttings.

I am about to take olive cuttings from one-half to one inch thick and 54 to 20 inches long, and wish to root them in nursery rows.  Please advise me if it is necessary to plant under half shade?  Also, can same be planted out right away, or should they be buried in trenches for a while before setting out?  Would it be best to strip all leaves or branches off, or leave one on?  How many buds should be left above ground?

Plant in open ground in the coast district generally; in the interior a lath (or litter shade not too dense) is desirable in places where high dry heat is expected and where sprinkling under the cover may be desirable.  Plant out when the soil is right as to warmth and moisture, which is usually a little later than this in the central and northern parts of the State.  Remove all leaves and twigs and plant about three-quarters of the length in the soil, which should be a well-drained sandy loam.  The cuttings can be taken directly from the trees and need not be bedded.  If the cuttings come some distance and get end-dried, make a fresh cut at planting.  If shriveled at all, soak a few hours in water before planting out.

Trimming Up Olives.

Limbs are shooting out too low on my olive trees.  Would it be right to trim them up while dormant this winter, or should I let them grow another year before doing so?  I think I want the first limbs to start at 18 to 20 inches above the ground.