Shavings in Stable Manure.

Is barnyard fertilizer containing shavings instead of straw, desirable?

Barnyard manure containing shavings is chiefly objectionable because of the amount of inert material.  The shavings are exceedingly slow to decompose, and in light soil in considerable quantities would cause a serious loss of moisture.  If applied, on the other hand, to a heavy soil and accompanied by sufficient irrigation water, the effect of making the soil more friable might be very desirable.  It depends then upon circumstances whether shavings can be concited by Prof.  Snyder in his “Soils and Fertilizers,” cows fed on hay straw is more valuable not only because more easily decomposed, but because its content of plant food is greater.

Handling Grape Pomace.

In the case of grape pomace, would not the large value shown by analysis be chiefly in the seeds?  My observation is that these are exceedingly slow to became available in the soil.  Would composting break down the shell of the seed?

Grape pomace is slowly available because of the slow disintegration you mention.  It could be hastened by drying and grinding, but we doubt if this or other treatment would return its cost.  Decay by moisture promoted by composting with manure, kept at a low temperature by continuous moisture would render it sooner available, but this would involve labor which, at our wage rates, would probably make the material cost more than it is worth.  This is probably a cost in which time is cheaper than money.

Sheep and Goat Manure.

I can buy goat manure from an inclosure where this is deposited to an amount of about five carloads.  Will goat manure be of great value in fertilizing an orchard?  If so, how much of it should be spread an an acre?

Accumulations of sheep and goat manure in a dry situation, that is, where not leached out by heavy rainfall, have been found to run as high as $13 per ton in fertilizing constituents.  The average would, however, be not above $7.50, and would depend not only upon the unleached condition of the material but upon the amount of sand mixed with it.  If it is in a situation where sand blows very freely, it might not be worth over $4 or $5 per ton, possibly not that much.  You have, therefore, to deal with a condition largely unknown.  So far as its fertilizing quality goes, however, it is freely available and directly calculated to stimulate the growth of plants, and probably four or five tons could be used to the acre without injury if well distributed over the surface of the land.  Application can be made at any time of the year, for the drying will not injure it.  It will not, however, become available until the soil is sufficiently moist to carry its contents to the roots of the plants.  Under ordinary conditions in California, application should be made just before the beginning of the rainy season.

Hog Manure and Potatoes.