acted as scouts.  It was a distressing march.  The soldiers had to walk through deep snow, and the unfamiliar use of snowshoes was a great trial to the Europeans.  At night, no shelter!  They had to sleep in the open air, under the canopy of the sky and the cold light of the glimmering stars.  Having no guides, Courcelle and his men lost their way in that unknown country.  After seventeen days of extreme toil they found that, instead of reaching the Mohawk district, they were near Corlaer in the New Netherlands, sixty miles distant.  The vanguard had a brush with two hundred Iroquois, who slipped away after killing six French soldiers and leaving four of their own number dead.  The governor could go no farther with his exhausted troops and was forced to retrace his steps.  The retreat was worse than the forward march.  The supply of provisions failed, and to the suffering from cold was soon added hunger.  Many soldiers died of exposure and starvation.  In reading the account of the ill-fated expedition, one is reminded of the disastrous retreat of Napoleon’s army in 1812 through the icy solitudes of Russia.  By this sad experience the military commanders of New France found that they had something to learn of the art of making war in North America, and must respect the peculiarities of the climate and country.  Nevertheless Courcelle’s winter expedition had made an impression on the minds of the Iroquois and had even surprised the Dutch and the English.  The author of a narrative entitled Relation of the March of the Governor of Canada into New York wrote:  ’Surely so bold and hardy an attempt hath not happened in any age.’

Apparently the Five Nations were somewhat uneasy, for in March the Senecas sent ambassadors to the Marquis de Tracy to ratify the treaty signed in December.  In July delegates came from the Oneida tribe; they presented a letter written by the English authorities at Orange which assured the viceroy that the Mohawks were well disposed and wished for peace.  A new treaty of ratification was accordingly signed.  But the lieutenant-general wanted something more complete and decisive.  He demanded of the delegates a general treaty to include the whole of the Five Nations, and stated that he would allow forty days for all the Iroquois tribes to send their ambassadors to Quebec.  Moreover, he instructed Father Beschefer to go to Orange with some of the Oneida delegates for the purpose of meeting the ambassadors and escorting them to Quebec.  Unfortunately, a few days after the priest’s departure, news came that four Frenchmen on a hunting expedition had been killed near Fort Sainte-Anne by a party of Mohawks, and that three others had been taken prisoners.  One of the slain was a cousin of Tracy, and one of the captives his nephew.  Father Beschefer was at once recalled and Captain de Sorel was ordered to march with some two hundred Frenchmen and ninety Indians to strike a blow at the raiders.  Sorel lost no time and had nearly reached