Prince was in a state of alarm as to the intentions of France.  Mendoza and Tassis had given him to understand that a very good feeling prevailed between the court of Henry and of Elizabeth, and that the French were likely to come to a pacification among themselves.  In this the Spanish envoys were hardly anticipating so great an effect as we have seen that they had the right to do from their own indefatigable exertions; for, thanks to their zeal, backed by the moderate subsidies furnished by their master, the civil war in France already seemed likely to be as enduring as that of the Netherlands.  But Parma—­still quite in the dark as to French politics—­was haunted by the vision of seventy thousand foot and six thousand horses ready to be let slip upon him at any, moment, out of a pacified and harmonious France; while he had nothing but a few starving and crippled regiments to withstand such an invasion.  When all these events should have taken place, and France, in alliance with England, should have formally declared war against Spain, Alexander protested that he should have learned nothing new.

The Prince was somewhat mistaken as to political affairs; but his doubts concerning his neighbours, blended with the forlorn condition of himself and army, about which there was no doubt at all, showed the exigencies of his situation.  In the midst of such embarrassments it is impossible not to admire his heroism as a military chieftain, and his singular adroitness as a diplomatist.  He had painted for his sovereign a most faithful and horrible portrait of the obedient Provinces.  The soil was untilled; the manufactories had all stopped; trade had ceased to exist.  It was a pity only to look upon the raggedness of his soldiers.  No language could describe the misery of the reconciled Provinces—­Artois, Hainault, Flanders.  The condition of Bruges would melt the hardest heart; other cities were no better; Antwerp was utterly ruined; its inhabitants were all starving.  The famine throughout the obedient Netherlands was such as had not been known for a century.  The whole country had been picked bare by the troops, and the plough was not put into the ground.  Deputations were constantly with him from Bruges, Dendermonde, Bois-le-Duc, Brussels, Antwerp, Nymegen, proving to him by the most palpable evidence that the whole population of those cities had almost literally nothing to eat.  He had nothing, however, but exhortations to patience to feed them withal.  He was left without a groat even to save his soldiers from starving, and he wildly and bitterly, day after day, implored his sovereign for aid.  These pictures are not the sketches of a historian striving for effect, but literal transcripts from the most secret revelations of the Prince himself to his sovereign.  On the other hand, although Leicester’s complaints of the destitution of the English troops in the republic were almost as bitter, yet the condition of the United Provinces was comparatively healthy.  Trade, external and internal, was increasing daily.  Distant commercial and military expeditions were fitted out, manufactures were prosperous, and the war of independence was gradually becoming—­strange to say—­a source of prosperity to the new commonwealth.