little money, and this is what frequently happened.  By becoming a seigneur, however, he did not change his mode of life, but continued to work as he had done before.  There were some, of course, who took their social rank with great seriousness, and proved ready to pay out good money for letters-patent giving them minor titles of nobility.  Thus Jacques Le Ber, a bourgeois of Montreal who made a comfortable fortune out of the fur trade, bought a seigneury and then acquired the rank of gentilhomme by paying six thousand livres for it.  But the possession of an empty title, acquired by purchase or through the influence of official friends at Quebec, did not make much impression on the masses of the people.  The first citizens in the hearts of the community were the men of personal courage, talent, and worldly virtues.

  Sur cette terre encor sauvage
  Les vieux titres sont inconnus;
  La noblesse est dans le courage,
  Dans les talents, dans les vertus.

Nevertheless, to be a seigneur was always an honour, for the manor-house was the recognized social centre of every neighbourhood.

The manor-house was not a mansion.  Built sometimes of rough-hewn timber, but more commonly of stone, it was roomy and comfortable, although not much more pretentious than the homes of well-to-do habitants.  Three or four rooms on the ground floor with a spacious attic made up the living quarters.  The furniture often came from France, and its quality gave the whole interior an air of distinction.  As for the habitants, their homes were also of stone or timber—­long and rather narrow structures, heavily built, and low.  They were whitewashed on the outside with religious punctuality each spring.  The eaves projected over the walls, and high-peaked little dormer windows thrust themselves from the roof here and there.  The houses stood very near the roadway, with scarcely ever a grass plot or single shade tree before them.  In midsummer the sun beat furiously upon them; in winter they stood in all their bleakness full-square to the blasts that drove across the river.

Behind the house was a storeroom built in ‘lean-to’ fashion, and not far away stood the barn and stable, made usually of timbers laid one upon the other with chinks securely mortared.  Somewhat aloof was the root-house, half dug in the ground, banked generously with earth round about and overhead.  Within convenient distance of the house, likewise, was the bake-oven, built of boulders, mortar, and earth, with the wood-pile near by.  Here with roaring fires once or twice each week the family baking was done.  Round the various buildings ran some sort of fence, whether of piled stones or rails, and in a corner of the enclosed plot was the habitant’s garden.  Viewed by the traveller who passed along the river this straggling line of whitewashed structures stood out in bold relief against the towering background of green hills beyond.  The whole colony formed one long rambling village, each habitant touching elbows with his neighbour on either side.