Happily enough, competition is not the rule either in the animal world or in mankind.  It is limited among animals to exceptional periods, and natural selection finds better fields for its activity.  Better conditions are created by the elimination of competition by means of mutual aid and mutual Support.(40) In the great struggle for life—­for the greatest possible fulness and intensity of life with the least waste of energy—­natural selection continually seeks out the ways precisely for avoiding competition as much as possible.  The ants combine in nests and nations; they pile up their stores, they rear their cattle—­and thus avoid competition; and natural selection picks out of the ants’ family the species which know best how to avoid competition, with its unavoidably deleterious consequences.  Most of our birds slowly move southwards as the winter comes, or gather in numberless societies and undertake long journeys—­and thus avoid competition.  Many rodents fall asleep when the time comes that competition should set in; while other rodents store food for the winter, and gather in large villages for obtaining the necessary protection when at work.  The reindeer, when the lichens are dry in the interior of the continent, migrate towards the sea.  Buffaloes cross an immense continent in order to find plenty of food.  And the beavers, when they grow numerous on a river, divide into two parties, and go, the old ones down the river, and the young ones up the river and avoid competition.  And when animals can neither fall asleep, nor migrate, nor lay in stores, nor themselves grow their food like the ants, they do what the titmouse does, and what Wallace (Darwinism, ch. v) has so charmingly described:  they resort to new kinds of food—­and thus, again, avoid competition.

“Don’t compete!—­competition is always injurious to the species, and you have plenty of resources to avoid it!” That is the tendency of nature, not always realized in full, but always present.  That is the watchword which comes to us from the bush, the forest, the river, the ocean.  “Therefore combine—­practise mutual aid!  That is the surest means for giving to each and to all the greatest safety, the best guarantee of existence and progress, bodily, intellectual, and moral.”  That is what Nature teaches us; and that is what all those animals which have attained the highest position in their respective classes have done.  That is also what man—­the most primitive man—­has been doing; and that is why man has reached the position upon which we stand now, as we shall see in the subsequent chapters devoted to mutual aid in human societies.

Notes: 

1.  Syevettsoff’s Periodical Phenomena, p. 251.

2.  Seyfferlitz, quoted by Brehm, iv. 760.

3.  The Arctic Voyages of A.E.  Nordenskjold, London, 1879, p. 135.  See also the powerful description of the St. Kilda islands by Mr. Dixon (quoted by Seebohm), and nearly all books of Arctic travel.