and some other always drops in to take care of the household, so long as the mother is in bed.”  This habit is general.  It is mentioned by all those who have lived among the poor.  In a thousand small ways the mothers support each other and bestow their care upon children that are not their own.  Some training—­good or bad, let them decide it for themselves—­is required in a lady of the richer classes to render her able to pass by a shivering and hungry child in the street without noticing it.  But the mothers of the poorer classes have not that training.  They cannot stand the sight of a hungry child; they must feed it, and so they do.  “When the school children beg bread, they seldom or rather never meet with a refusal”—­a lady-friend, who has worked several years in Whitechapel in connection with a workers’ club, writes to me.  But I may, perhaps, as well transcribe a few more passages from her letter:—­

“Nursing neighbours, in cases of illness, without any shade of remuneration, is quite general among the workers.  Also, when a woman has little children, and goes out for work, another mother always takes care of them.

“If, in the working classes, they would not help each other, they could not exist.  I know families which continually help each other—­with money, with food, with fuel, for bringing up the little children, in cases of illness, in cases of death.

“‘The mine’ and ‘thine’ is much less sharply observed among the poor than among the rich.  Shoes, dress, hats, and so on,—­ what may be wanted on the spot—­are continually borrowed from each other, also all sorts of household things.

“Last winter the members of the United Radical Club had brought together some little money, and began after Christmas to distribute free soup and bread to the children going to school.  Gradually they had 1,800 children to attend to.  The money came from outsiders, but all the work was done by the members of the club.  Some of them, who were out of work, came at four in the morning to wash and to peel the vegetables; five women came at nine or ten (after having done their own household work) for cooking, and stayed till six or seven to wash the dishes.  And at meal time, between twelve and half-past one, twenty to thirty workers came in to aid in serving the soup, each one staying what he could spare of his meal time.  This lasted for two months.  No one was paid.”

My friend also mentions various individual cases, of which the following are typical:—­

“Annie W. was given by her mother to be boarded by an old person in Wilmot Street.  When her mother died, the old woman, who herself was very poor, kept the child without being paid a penny for that.  When the old lady died too, the child, who was five years old, was of course neglected during her illness, and was ragged; but she was taken at once by Mrs. S., the wife of a shoemaker, who herself has six children.  Lately, when the husband was ill, they had not much to eat, all of them.