15.  To give but one example—­Cambrai made its first revolution in 907, and, after three or four more revolts, it obtained its charter in 1O76.  This charter was repealed twice (11O7 and 1138), and twice obtained again (in 1127 and 1180).  Total, 223 years of struggles before conquering the right to independence.  Lyons—­ from 1195 to 1320.

16.  See Tuetey, “Etude sur Le droit municipal... en Franche-Comte,” in Memoires de la Societe d’emulation de Montbeliard, 2e serie, ii. 129 seq.

17.  This seems to have been often the case in Italy.  In Switzerland, Bern bought even the towns of Thun and Burgdorf.

18.  Such was, at least, the case in the cities of Tuscany (Florence, Lucca, Sienna, Bologna, etc.), for which the relations between city and peasants are best known. (Luchitzkiy, “Slavery and Russian Slaves in Florence,” in Kieff University Izvestia for 1885, who has perused Rumohr’s Ursprung der Besitzlosigkeit der Colonien in Toscana, 1830.) The whole matter concerning the relations between the cities and the peasants requires much more study than has hitherto been done.

19.  Ferrari’s generalizations are often too theoretical to be always correct; but his views upon the part played by the nobles in the city wars are based upon a wide range of authenticated facts.

20.  Only such cities as stubbornly kept to the cause of the barons, like Pisa or Verona, lost through the wars.  For many towns which fought on the barons’ side, the defeat was also the beginning of liberation and progress.

21.  Ferrari, ii. 18, 104 seq.; Leo and Botta, i. 432.

22.  Joh.  Falke, Die Hansa als Deutsche Seeund Handelsmacht, Berlin, 1863, pp. 31, 55.

23.  For Aachen and Cologne we have direct testimony that the bishops of these two cities—­one of them bought by the enemy opened to him the gates.

24.  See the facts, though not always the conclusions, of Nitzsch, iii. 133 seq.; also Kallsen, i. 458, etc.

25.  On the Commune of the Laonnais, which, until Melleville’s researches (Histoire de la Commune du Laonnais, Paris, 1853), was confounded with the Commune of Laon, see Luchaire, pp. 75 seq.  For the early peasants’ guilds and subsequent unions see R. Wilman’s “Die landlichen Schutzgilden Westphaliens,” in Zeitschrift fur Kulturgeschichte, neue Folge, Bd. iii., quoted in Henne-am-Rhyn’s Kulturgeschichte, iii. 249.

26.  Luchaire, p. 149.

27.  Two important cities, like Mainz and Worms, would settle a political contest by means of arbitration.  After a civil war broken out in Abbeville, Amiens would act, in 1231, as arbiter (Luchaire, 149); and so on.

28.  See, for instance, W. Stieda, Hansische Vereinbarungen, l.c., p.114.

29.  Cosmo Innes’s Early Scottish History and Scotland in Middle Ages, quoted by Rev. Denton, l.c., pp. 68, 69; Lamprecht’s Deutsches wirthschaftliche Leben im Mittelalter, review by Schmoller in his Jahrbuch, Bd. xii.; Sismondi’s Tableau de l’agriculture toscane, pp. 226 seq.  The dominions of Florence could be recognized at a glance through their prosperity.