Next may be named the curious dominion of the Congo Free State, occupying the rich heart of the African continent.  Nominally it belonged to no European power, but was a recognised neutral territory.  In practice it was treated as the personal estate of the Belgian king, Leopold II.  Subject to closer international restrictions than any other European domain in the non-European world, the Congo was nevertheless the field of some of the worst iniquities in the exploitation of defenceless natives that have ever disgraced the record of European imperialism.  International regulations are no safeguard against misgovernment; the only real sanction is the character and spirit of the government.  For the Congo iniquities Leopold II. must be held guilty at the bar of posterity.  When he went to his judgment in 1908 this rich realm passed under the direct control of the Belgian government and parliament, and an immediate improvement resulted.

The least successful of the new world-states was that of Italy.  Its story was a story of disaster and disappointment.  It included some two hundred thousand square miles of territory; but they were hot and arid lands on the inhospitable shores of the Red Sea and in Somaliland.  Italy had as yet no real opportunity of showing how she would deal with the responsibilities of empire.

The most remarkable, in many respects, of all these suddenly acquired empires was that of Germany.  For it was practically all obtained within a period of three years, without fighting or even serious friction.  It fell almost wholly within regions where Germany’s interests had been previously negligible, and British trade predominant.  Yet its growth had not been impeded, it had even been welcomed, by its rivals.  This easily-won empire was indeed relatively small, being not much over one million square miles, little more than one-fifth of the French dominions.  But it was five times as large as Germany itself, and it included territories which were, on the whole, richer than those of France.  The comparative smallness of its area was due to the fact that Germany was actually the last to enter the race.  She took no steps to acquire territory, she showed no desire to acquire it, before 1883; if she had chosen to begin ten years earlier, as she might easily have done, or if she had shown any marked activity in exploring or missionary work, without doubt she could have obtained a much larger share of African soil.

These rich lands afforded to their new masters useful supplies of raw materials, which were capable of almost indefinite expansion.  They included, in East and South-West Africa, areas well suited for white settlement; but German emigrants, despite every encouragement, refused to settle in them.  An elaborately scientific system of administration, such as might be expected from the German bureaucracy, was devised for the colonies; officials and soldiers have from the beginning formed a larger proportion of their white population than