NOTE:  Since questions may arise from the use of variant forms of the notice, you may wish to seek legal advice before using any form of the notice other than those given here.

Position of Notice

The copyright notice should be affixed to copies or phonorecords in such a way as to “give reasonable notice of the claim of copyright.”  The three elements of the notice should ordinarily appear together on the copies or phonorecords or on the phonorecord label or container.  The Copyright Office has issued regulations concerning the form and position of the copyright notice in the Code of Federal Regulations ( [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/title37/201/37cfr201.20.html] ).  For more information, request [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ03.pdf] , “Copyright Notice.”

-=Publications Incorporating U. S. Government Works=-

Works by the U. S. Government are not eligible for U. S. copyright protection.  For works published on and after March 1, 1989, the previous notice requirement for works consisting primarily of one or more U. S. Government works has been eliminated.  However, use of a notice on such a work will defeat a claim of innocent infringement as previously described provided the notice also includes a statement that identifies either those portions of the work in which copyright is claimed or those portions that constitute U. S. Government material.

Example:  (the letter C in a circle symbol) 2000 Jane Brown.  Copyright claimed in Chapters 7-10, exclusive of U. S. Government maps

Copies of works published before March 1, 1989, that consist primarily of one or more works of the U. S. Government should have a notice and the identifying statement.

-=Unpublished Works=-

The author or copyright owner may wish to place a copyright notice on any unpublished copies or phonorecords that leave his or her control. _ Example:  Unpublished work (letter C in a circle symbol) 1999 Jane Doe

-=Omission of the Notice and Errors in Notice=-

The 1976 Copyright Act attempted to ameliorate the strict consequences of failure to include notice under prior law.  It contained provisions that set out specific corrective steps to cure omissions or certain errors in notice.  Under these provisions, an applicant had 5 years after publication to cure omission of notice or certain errors.  Although these provisions are technically still in the law, their impact has been limited by the amendment making notice optional for all works published on and after March 1, 1989.  For further information, request Circular 3 [http://www.loc.gov/copyright/circs/circ03.pdf].

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HOW LONG COPYRIGHT PROTECTION ENDURES

Works Originally Created on or after January 1, 1978