35 In 1968, the Standard Reference Data Act provided an exception to Section 105, Pub.  L. No. 90-396, 82 Stat. 339.  Section 6 of that act amended title 15 of the United States Code by authorizing the Secretary of Commerce, at 15 U.S.C. 290e, to secure copyright and renewal thereof on behalf of the United States as author or proprietor “in all or any part of any standard reference data which he prepares or makes available under this chapter,” and to “authorize the reproduction and publication thereof by others.”  See also section 105(f) of the Transitional and Supplementary Provisions of the Copyright Act of 1976, in Part I of the Appendix.  Pub.  L. No. 94-553, 90 Stat. 2541.

36 The Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings Act of 1995 amended section 106 by adding paragraph (6).  Pub.  L. No. 104-39, 109 Stat. 336.  In 1999, a technical amendment substituted “121” for “120.”  Pub.  L. No. 106-44, 113 Stat. 221, 222.

37 The Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990 added section 106A.  Pub.  L. No. 101-650, 104 Stat. 5089, 5128.  The Act states that, generally, section 106A is to take effect six months after the date of its enactment, that is, six months after December 1, 1990, and that the rights created by section 106A shall apply to (1) works created before such effective date but title to which has not, as of such effective date, been transferred from the author and (2) works created on or after such effective date, but shall not apply to any destruction, distortion, mutilation or other modification (as described in section 106A(a)(3)) of any work which occurred before such effective date.  See also, endnote 3, chapter 3.

38 The Visual Artists Rights Act of 1990 amended section 107 by adding the reference to section 106A.  Pub.  L. No. 101-650, 104 Stat. 5089, 5132.  In 1992, section 107 was also amended to add the last sentence.  Pub.  L. No. 102-492, 106 Stat. 3145.

39 The Copyright Amendments Act of 1992 amended section 108 by repealing subsection (i) in its entirety.  Pub.  L. No. 102-307, 106 Stat. 264, 272.  In 1998, the Digital Millennium Copyright Act amended section 108 by making changes to subsections (a), (b) and (c); by redesignating subsection (h) as (i); and by adding a new subsection (h).  Pub.  L. No. 105-304, 112 Stat. 2860, 2889.

40 The Record Rental Amendment of 1984 amended section 109 by redesignating subsections (b) and (c) as subsections (c) and (d), respectively, and by inserting a new subsection (b) after subsection (a).  Pub.  L. No. 98-450, 98 Stat. 1727.  Section 4(b) of the Act states that the provisions of section 109(b), as added by section 2 of the Act, “shall not affect the right of an owner of a particular phonorecord of a sound recording, who acquired such ownership before [October 4, 1984], to dispose of the possession of that particular phonorecord on or after such date of enactment in any manner permitted by section 109 of title 17, United States Code, as in effect on the