Shutting himself up with me in his closet, he reviewed with the greatest care all the returns from the different corps of his army.  “Here are,” said he, “nearly 80,000 effective men.  I feed, I pay them:  but I can bring but 60,000 into the field on the day of battle.  I shall gain it, but afterwards my force will be reduced 20,000 men—­by killed, wounded, and prisoners.  Then how oppose all the Austrian forces that will march to the protection of Vienna?  It would be a month before the armies of the Rhine could support me, if they should be able; and in a fortnight all the roads and passages will be covered deep with snow.  It is settled—­I will make peace.  Venice shall pay for the expense of the war and the boundary of the Rhine:  let the Directory and the lawyers say what they like.”

He wrote to the Directory in the following words:  “The summits of the hills are covered with snow; I cannot, on account of the stipulations agreed to for the recommencement of hostilities, begin before five-and-twenty days, and by that time we shall be overwhelmed with snow.”

Fourteen years after, another early winter, in a more severe climate, was destined to have a fatal influence on his fortunes.  Had he but then exercised equal foresight!

It is well known that, by the treaty of Campo-Formio, the two belligerent powers made peace at the expense of the Republic of Venice, which had nothing to do with the quarrel in the first instance, and which only interfered at a late period, probably against her own inclination, and impelled by the force of inevitable circumstances.  But what has been the result of this great political spoliation?  A portion of the Venetian territory was adjudged to the Cisalpine Republic; it is now in the possession of Austria.

Another considerable portion, and the capital itself, fell to the lot of Austria in compensation for the Belgic provinces and Lombard, which she ceded to France.  Austria has now retaken Lombard, and the additions then made to it, and Belgium is in the possession of the House of Orange.  France obtained Corfu and some of the Ionian isles; these now belong to England.

   —­[Afterwards to be ceded by her to Greece.  Belgium is free.]—­

Romulus never thought he was founding Rome for Goths and priests.  Alexander did not foresee that his Egyptian city would belong to the Turks; nor did Constantine strip Rome for the benefit of Mahomet ii.  Why then fight for a few paltry villages?

Thus have we been gloriously conquering for Austria and England.  An ancient State is overturned without noise, and its provinces, after being divided among different bordering States, are now all under the dominion of Austria.  We do not possess a foot of ground in all the fine countries we conquered, and which served as compensations for the immense acquisitions of the House of Hapsburgh in Italy.  Thus that house was aggrandised by a war which was to itself most disastrous.  But Austria has often found other means of extending her dominion than military triumphs, as is recorded in the celebrated distich of Mathias Corvinus: