of the age of 9 or 10 upward reside apart.  In a report of 1854 the ‘morungs’ are described as large buildings generally situated at the principal entrances and varying in number according to the size of the village; they are in fact the main guardhouse, and here all the young unmarried men sleep.  In front of the morung is a raised platform as a lookout, commanding an extensive view of all approaches, where a Naga is always kept on duty as a sentry. ...  In the Morungs are kept skulls carried off in battle; these are suspended by a string along the wall in one or more rows over each other.  In one of the Morungs of the Changuae village, Captain Brodie counted one hundred and thirty skulls. ...  Besides these there was a large basket full of broken pieces of skulls.  Captain Holroyd, from whose memorandum the above is quoted, speaks later of the Morung as the ‘hall of justice’ in which the consultations of the clan council are held.

“The ‘MORANGS’ of another tribe, the ‘Naked’ Naga, have recently been described as situated close to the village gate, and consist of a central hall, and back and front verandahs.  In the large front verandah are collected all the trophies of war and the chase, from a man’s skull down to a monkey’s.  Along both sides of the central hall are the sleeping berths of the young men. ...

“Speaking of the Mao and Muran tribes [continues Miss Godden], Dr. Brown says, ’the young men never sleep at home, but at their clubs, where they keep their arms always in a state of readiness.’ ...

“With the Aos at the present day the custom seems to be becoming obsolete; sleeping houses are provided for bachelors, but are seldom used except by small boys.  Unmarried girls sleep by twos and threes in houses otherwise empty, or else tenanted by one old woman.

“The analogy between the DAKHA chang, or Morang, of the Nagas and the men’s hall of the Melanesians is too close to be overlooked, and in view of the significance of all evidence concerning the corporate life of early communities a description of the latter is here quoted.  I am aware of no recorded instance of the women’s house, other than these Naga examples.  ’In all the Melanesian groups it is the rule that there is in every village a building of public character where the men eat and spend their time, the young men sleep, strangers are entertained; where as in the Solomon Islands the canoes are kept; where images are seen, and from which women are generally excluded; ... and all these no doubt correspond to the balai and other public halls of the Malay Archipelago.’ " —­ Op. cit., vol.  XXVI, pp. 179 —­ 182.

Similar institutions appear to exist also in Sumatra.

In Borneo among the Land Dyaks “head houses,” called “pangah,” are found in each village.  Low says of them:  “The Pangah is built by the united efforts of the boys and unmarried men of the tribe, who, after having attained the age of puberty, are obliged to leave the houses of the village; and do not generally frequent them after they have attained the age of 8 or 9 years.” —­ Sir Hugh Low, Sarawak, its Inhabitants and Productions (London, 1848), p. 280.