the Association included the great majority of the adult male inhabitants of England who were able to sign their names.  The tide of popular feeling was so strong that a man who was known not to have signed ran considerable risk of being publicly affronted.  In many places nobody appeared without wearing in his hat a red riband on which were embroidered the words, “General Association for King William.”  Once a party of Jacobites had the courage to parade a street in London with an emblematic device which seemed to indicate their contempt for the new Solemn League and Covenant.  They were instantly put to rout by the mob, and their leader was well ducked.  The enthusiasm spread to secluded isles, to factories in foreign countries, to remote colonies.  The Association was signed by the rude fishermen of the Scilly Rocks, by the English merchants of Malaga, by the English merchants of Genoa, by the citizens of New York, by the tobacco planters of Virginia and by the sugar planters of Barbadoes.687

Emboldened by success, the Whig leaders ventured to proceed a step further.  They brought into the Lower House a bill for the securing of the King’s person and government.  By this bill it was provided that whoever, while the war lasted, should come from France into England without the royal license should incur the penalties of treason, that the suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act should continue to the end of the year 1696, and that all functionaries appointed by William should retain their offices, notwithstanding his death, till his successor should be pleased to dismiss them.  The form of Association which the House of Commons had adopted was solemnly ratified; and it was provided that no person should sit in that House or should hold any office, civil or military, without signing.  The Lords were indulged in the use of their own form; and nothing was said about the clergy.

The Tories, headed by Finch and Seymour, complained bitterly of this new test, and ventured once to divide, but were defeated.  Finch seems to have been heard patiently; but, notwithstanding all Seymour’s eloquence, the contemptuous manner in which he spoke of the Association raised a storm against which he could not stand.  Loud cries of “the Tower, the Tower,” were heard.  Haughty and imperious as he was, he was forced to explain away his words, and could scarcely, by apologizing in a manner to which he was little accustomed, save himself from the humiliation of being called to the bar and reprimanded on his knees.  The bill went up to the Lords, and passed with great speed in spite of the opposition of Rochester and Nottingham.688