[32] “Correspondence,” by Métra, XVII, 87 (August 20, 1784).

[33] “Belisarious,” is from 1780, and the “Oath of the Horatii,” from 1783.

[34] Geffroy, “Gustave II et la cour de France.”  “Paris, with its republican spirit, generally applauds whatever fails at Fontainebleau.” (A letter by Madame de Staël, Sept. 17, 1786).

[35] Taine uses the French term “passe-droit”, meaning both passing over, slight, unjust promotion over the heads of others, a special favour, or privilege. (Sr.)

[36] Sainte-Beuve, “Causeries du Lundi,” II. 24, in the article on Barnave.

[37] Dr Tilly, “Mémoires,” I. 243.

[38] The words of Fontanes, who knew her and admired her. (Sainte-Beuve, “Nouveaux Lundis,” VIII. 221).

[39] “Mémoires de Madame Roland,” passim.  At fourteen years of age, on being introduced to Mme. de Boismorel, she is hurt at hearing her grandmother addressed “Mademoiselle.” —­ Shortly after this, she says:  “I could not concoal from myself that I was of more consequence than Mlle. d’Hannaches, whose sixty years and her genealogy did not enable her to write a common-sense letter or one that was legible.” —­ About the same epoch she passes a week at Versailles with a servant of the Dauphine, and tells her mother, “A few days more and I shall so detest these people that I shall not know how to suppress my hatred of them.” —­ “What injury have they done you?” she inquired.  “It is the feeling of injustice and the constant contemplation of absurdity!” —­ At the château of Fontenay where she is invited to dine, she and her mother are made to dine in the servants’ room, etc. —­ In 1818, in a small town in the north, the Comte de —­ dining with a bourgeois sub-prefect and placed by the side of the mistress of the house, says to her, on accepting the soup, ‘Thanks, sweetheart,’ But the Revolution has given the lower class bourgeoisie the courage to defend themselves tooth and nail so that, a moment later, she addresses him, with one of her sweetest smiles, ‘Will you take some chicken, my love?’ (The French expression ’mon coeur’ means both sweetheart and my love.  Sr.)

[40] De Vaublanc, I. 153.

[41] Beugnot, “Mémoires,” I. 77.

[42] Champfort, 16. —­ “Who would believe it!  Not taxation, nor lettres-de-cachet, nor the abuses of power, nor the vexations of intendants, and the ruinous delays of justice have provoked the ire of the nation, but their prejudices against the nobility towards which it has shown the greatest hatred.  This evidently proves that the bourgeoisie, the men of letters, the financial class, in short all who envy the nobles have excited against these the inferior class in the towns and among the rural peasantry.” (Rivarol, “Mémoires.”)

[43] Champfort, 335.

[44] Sieyès, “Qu’est ce que le Tiers?” 17, 41, 139, 166.

[45] Cartouche (Luis Dominique) (Paris, 1693 — id. 1721).  Notorious French bandit, leader of a gang of thieves.  He died broken alive on the wheel. (Sr.)