furnishes the means of conveying them, the theories of the eighteenth century being like those seeds provided with wings which float and distribute themselves on all soils.  There is no book of that day not written for people of the high society, and even for women of this class.  In Fontenelle’s dialogues on the Plurality of worlds the principal person age is a marchioness.  Voltaire composes his “Métaphysique” and his “Essai sur les Moeurs” for Madame du Chatelet, and Rousseau his “Emile” for Madame d’Epinay.  Condillac wrote the “Traité des Sensations” from suggestions of Mademoiselle Ferrand, and he sets forth instructions to young ladies how to read his “Logique.”  Baudeau dedicates and explains to a lady his “Tableau Economique.”  Diderot’s most profound work is a conversation between Mademoiselle de l’Espinasse and d’Alembert and Bordeu[6].  Montesquieu had placed an invocation to the muses in the middle of the “Esprit des Lois.”  Almost every work is a product of the drawing-room, and it is always one that, before the public, has been presented with its beginnings.  In this respect the habit is so strong as to last up to the end of 1789; the harangues about to be made in the National Assembly are also passages of bravura previously rehearsed before ladies at an evening entertainment.  The American Ambassador, a practical man, explains to Washington with sober irony the fine academic and literary parade preceding the political tournament in public[7].

“The speeches are made beforehand in a small society of young men and women, among them generally the fair friend of the speaker is one, or else the fair whom he means to make his friend,; and the society very politely give their approbation, unless the lady who gives the tone to that circle chances to reprehend something, which is of course altered, if not amended.”

It is not surprising, with customs of this kind, that professional philosophers should become men of society.  At no time or in any place have they been so to the same extent, nor so habitually.  The great delight of a man of genius or of learning here, says an English traveler, is to reign over a brilliant assembly of people of fashion[8].  Whilst in England they bury themselves morosely in their books, living amongst themselves and appearing in society only on condition of “doing some political drudgery,” that of journalist or pamphleteer in the service of a party, in France they dine out every evening, and constitute the ornaments and amusement of the drawing-rooms to which they resort to converse[9].  There is not a house in which dinners are given that has not its titular philosopher, and, later on, its economist and man of science.  In the various memoirs, and in the collections of correspondence, we track them from one drawing room to another, from one chateau to another, Voltaire to Cirey at Madame du Chatelet’s, and then home, at Ferney where he has a theater and entertains all Europe; Rousseau to Madame d’Epinay’s,