a young prince, a confidant, a high-priest, a captain
of the guards, seized by some passion, habit or inclination,
such as love, ambition, fidelity or perfidy, a despotic
or a yielding temper, some species of wickedness or
of native goodness. As to the circumstances
of time and place, which, amongst others, exercise
a most powerful influence in shaping and diversifying
man, it hardly notes them, even setting them aside.
In a tragedy the scene is set everywhere and any
time, the contrary, that the action takes place nowhere
in no specific epoch, is equally valid. It may
take place in any palace or in any temple,[29] in
which, to get rid of all historic or personal impressions,
habits and costumes are introduced conventionally,
being neither French nor foreign, nor ancient, nor
modern. In this abstract world the address is
always “you"(as opposed to the familiar thou),[30]
“Seigneur” and “Madame,” the
noble style always clothing the most different characters
in the same dress. When Corneille and Racine,
through the stateliness and elegance of their verse,
afford us a glimpse of contemporary figures they do
it unconsciously, imagining that they are portraying
man in himself; and, if we of the present time recognize
in their pieces either the gentleman, the duelists,
the bullies, the politicians or the heroines of the
Fronde, or the courtiers, princes and bishops, the
ladies and gentlemen in waiting of the regular monarchy,
it is because they have inadvertently dipped their
brush in their own experience, some of its color having
fallen accidentally on the bare ideal outline which
they wished to trace. We have simply a contour,
a general sketch, filled up with the harmonious gray
tone of correct diction. — Even in comedy, necessarily
employing current habits, even with Molière, so frank
and so bold, the model is unfinished, all individual
peculiarities being suppressed, the face becoming
for a moment a theatrical mask, and the personage,
especially when talking in verse, sometimes losing
its animation in becoming the mouth-piece for a monologue
or a dissertation.[31] The stamp of rank, condition
or fortune, whether gentleman or bourgeois, provincial
or Parisian, is frequently overlooked.[32] We are
rarely made to appreciate physical externals, as in
Shakespeare, the temperament, the state of the nervous
system, the bluff or drawling tone, the impulsive
or restrained action, the emaciation or obesity of
a character.[33] Frequently no trouble is taken to
find a suitable name, this being either Chrysale,
Orgon, Damis, Dorante, or Valère. The name designates
only a simple quality, that of a father, a youth, a
valet, a grumbler, a gallant, and, like an ordinary
cloak, fitting indifferently all forms alike, as it
passes from the wardrobe of Molière to that of Regnard,
Destouche, Lesage or Marivaux.[34] The character lacks
the personal badge, the unique, authentic appellation
serving as the primary stamp of an individual.
All these details and circumstances, all these aids


