knew they would obtain no terms from Ferrando.  At length, after various trifling occurrences, the two royal armies came to an engagement, in which John was routed near Troia, in the year 1463.  He was, however, less injured by his defeat than by the desertion of Jacopo Piccinino, who joined Ferrando; and, being abandoned by his troops, he was compelled to take refuge in Istria, and thence withdrew to France.  This war continued four years.  John’s failure was attributable to negligence; for victory was often within his grasp, but he did not take proper means to secure it.  The Florentines took no decisive part in this war.  John, king of Aragon, who succeeded upon the death of Alfonso, sent ambassadors to request their assistance for his nephew Ferrando, in compliance with the terms of the treaty recently made with his father Alfonso.  The Florentines replied, that they were under no obligation; that they did not think proper to assist the son in a war commenced by the father with his own forces; and that as it was begun without either their counsel or knowledge, it must be continued and concluded without their help.  The ambassadors affirmed the engagement to be binding on the Florentines, and themselves to be answerable for the event of the war; and then in great anger left the city.

Thus with regard to external affairs, the Florentines continued tranquil during this war; but the case was otherwise with their domestic concerns, as will be particularly shown in the following book.

BOOK VII

CHAPTER I

Connection of the other Italian governments with the history of Florence—­Republics always disunited—­Some differences are injurious; others not so—­The kind of dissensions prevailing at Florence—­Cosmo de’ Medici and Neri Capponi become powerful by dissimilar means—­Reform in the election of magistrates favorable to Cosmo—­Complaints of the principal citizens against the reform in elections—­Luca Pitti, Gonfalonier of Justice, restrains the imborsations by force—­Tyranny and pride of Luca Pitti and his party—­Palace of the Pitti—­Death of Cosmo de’ Medici—­His liberality and magnificence—­His modesty—­His prudence—­Sayings of Cosmo.

It will perhaps appear to the readers of the preceding book that, professing only to write of the affairs of Florence, I have dilated too much in speaking of those which occurred in Lombardy and Naples.  But as I have not already avoided, so it is not my intention in future to forbear, similar digressions.  For although we have not engaged to give an account of the affairs of Italy, still it would be improper to neglect noticing the most remarkable of them.  If they were wholly omitted, our history would not be so well understood, neither would it be so instructive or agreeable; since from the proceedings of the other princes and states of Italy, have most commonly arisen