The next article provides that the Governor’s ministers, viz, the Secretary of State, the Controller, Treasurer, and Attorney-General, shall be chosen every two years at a general election.  In this respect the State constitution differs from that of the national constitution.  The President at Washington names his own ministers—­subject to the approbation of the Senate.  He makes many other appointments with the same limitation, and the Senate, I believe, is not slow to interfere; but with reference to the ministers it is understood that the names sent in by the President shall stand.  Of the Secretary of State, Controller, etc., belonging to the different States, and who are elected by the people, in a general way, one never hears.  No doubt they attend their offices and take their pay, but they are not political personages.

The next article, No.  VI., refers to the judiciary, and is very complicated.  As I cannot understand it, I will not attempt to explain it.  Moreover, it is not within the scope of my ambition to convey here all the details of the State constitution.  In Sec. 20 of this article it is provided that “no judicial officer, except justices of the peace, shall receive to his own use any fees or perquisites of office.”  How pleasantly this enactment must sound in the ears of the justices of the peace!

Article VII. refers to fiscal matters, and is more especially interesting as showing how greatly the State of New York has depended on its canals for its wealth.  These canals are the property of the State; and by this article it seems to be provided that they shall not only maintain themselves, but maintain to a considerable extent the State expenditure also, and stand in lieu of taxation.  It is provided, Section 6 that the “legislature shall not sell, lease, or otherwise dispose of any of the canals of the State; but that they shall remain the property of the State, and under its management forever.”  But in spite of its canals the State does not seem to be doing very well, for I see that, in 1860, its income was 4,780,000 dollars, and its expenditure 5,100,000, whereas its debt was 32,500,000 dollars.  Of all the States, Pennsylvania is the most indebted, Virginia the second, and New York the third.  New Hampshire, Connecticut, Vermont, Delaware, and Texas owe no State debts.  All the other State ships have taken in ballast.

The militia is supposed to consist of all men capable of bearing arms, under forty-five years of age.  But no one need be enrolled, who from scruples of conscience is averse to bearing arms.  At the present moment such scruples do not seem to be very general.  Then follows, in Article XI., a detailed enactment as to the choosing of militia officers.  It may be perhaps sufficient to say that the privates are to choose the captains and the subalterns; the captains and subalterns are to choose the field officers; and the field officers the brigadier-generals and inspectors of brigade.  The Governor, however, with the consent of the Senate, shall nominate all major-generals.  Now that real soldiers have unfortunately become necessary, the above plan has not been found to work well.