Generally speaking, this whole region is extremely mountainous and at the same time heavily wooded.  It is only when the Agusan, Hijo, and Tagum rivers are approached that the country becomes more open.  On the Pacific coast there are few harbors, for the mountains extend down almost to the water’s edge forming high sheer cliffs.  Aside from the three rivers mentioned the water courses are, for the greater part, small and unnavigable and a short distance back from the coast appear as tiny rivulets at the bottom of deep ca~nons.

There is no organization of the tribe as a whole, since each district has its local ruler who is subject to no other authority.  These divisions I are seldom on good terms, and are frequently in open warfare with one another or with neighboring tribes.

Despite this lack of unity and the great area they inhabit, their dialects are mutually intelligible, and in other respects they are so similar that I believe we are justified in regarding them as one group linguistically, physically, and culturally.

DESCRIPTION.

Measurements made on fifteen men and five women gave the following results: 

Height—­Men:  Maximum 161.3 cm., minimum 145.1 cm., average 153.9 cm.

Women:  Maximum 152.3 cm., minimum 144.1 cm., average 146.8 cm.

Cephalic index—­Men:  Maximum 89.1, minimum 76.3, average 84.6.

Women:  Maximum 84.8, minimum 75.2, average 81.3.

Length-height index—­Men:  maximum 78.7, minimum 64.5, average 74.2.

Women:  Maximum 81.8, minimum 75.0, average 77.4.

From these figures it appears that there is considerable variation between individuals, but a closer study of the charts shows that the majority of those measured come closer to the averages than do the members of any other group here mentioned (Plates LXIV-LXIX).

Both sexes wear the hair long and comb it to a knot at the back of the head.  The women generally bang the hair over the forehead, while the men allow a lock to fall in front of each ear.  The hair is brown-black and generally slightly wavy, although four individuals with straight hair were seen.

The forehead is high, and in about half the persons observed somewhat retreating; however, full, vaulted foreheads are by no means uncommon.  The distance from the vertex to the tragus is uniformly great.

The cheek bones are quite prominent, while the whole face tapers from above so as to be somewhat angular.  In twenty per cent of the men the root of the nose seemed to be continuous with the supra-orbital ridge, which, in such cases, was strongly marked.  In general the root of the nose is broad, low, and depressed, and there is a tendency for the ridge to be somewhat concave.  The lips are thick and bowed, but there is little or no prognathism.