The claims of leadership over all the Bagobo had never been relinquished, but the actual power of the datu outside his own district amounted to little.  Tongkaling soon established his right to the name of a great warrior, and his people so prospered under his rule that upon the advent of the Americans he was much the most powerful among the several chiefs.  Under the administration of Governor Bolton, Tongkaling was officially recognized as head of the Bagobo, and with this added prestige, he has finally succeeded in gaining recognition from all the chiefs except those about Santa Cruz, but his actual control over them is still very slight.  He has been a consistent friend of the Americans, but has jealously guarded his people against outside influences, so that they are much less affected than those of other districts.  For this reason we shall, in this paper, use Cibolan as a type settlement, but where radical differences occur in other districts they will be noted.

PHYSICAL TYPE.[1]

[1] This subject will be treated fully in a separate publication.

An idea of the general appearance of the Bagobo can best be obtained by a study of the accompanying photographs.  Plates II-VIII.

Measurements were made on thirty-three men and fifteen women.  The maximum height of the males was found to be 164.8 cm.; minimum 149.8 cm.; with an average of 158.6 cm.  For the women the maximum was 152.8 cm.; minimum 141 cm.; average 147.3 cm.

The cephalic indices of the same individuals showed 84.5 as the maximum, 74.3 minimum, and 78.8 the average for the males.  The maximum for the females was 83.1, minimum 76.2, average 80.7.  The average length-height index, taken from the tragus to the vertex, of the same persons, was 69.8—­maximum 75.6, minimum 65.1 for the men; and for the women 73.1—­maximum 76.6, minimum 70.2-.

The face is long, moderately broad, and the zygomatic arches are seldom prominent.  The forehead is high and full with supra-orbital ridge slightly developed.  The crown and back of the head are rather strongly arched.  The people are seldom prognathous, yet individuals are met with who are markedly so (Plate V).

The lips are full and bowed; the chin is round and well formed.  The root of the nose is depressed; the ridge broad and generally inclined to be concave, although straight noses are not uncommon.  The nasal wings are moderately broad and arched or swelled.  The eye slits are oblique and moderately open, showing dark or brown-black eyes.  The hair is brown-black and generally slightly wavy or loosely curled, while in some cases it is found curled in locks.  Women comb their hair straight back and plaster it with cocoanut oil, but even this does not prevent stray locks from creeping out.  Both face and body hairs are scanty and are generally removed, yet occasionally a man is seen who has cultivated a few hairs into a fair semblance of a beard.